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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic
- Ocean, northwest of the UK
- Map references:
- Arctic Region
- Area:
- total area:
- 103,000 sq km
- land area:
- 100,250 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly smaller than Kentucky
- Land boundaries:
- 0 km
- Coastline:
- 4,988 km
- Maritime claims:
- continental shelf:
- 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
- exclusive economic zone:
- 200 nm
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK
- (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
- Climate:
- temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp,
- cool summers
- Terrain:
- mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply
- indented by bays and fiords
- Natural resources:
- fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 1%
- permanent crops:
- 0%
- meadows and pastures:
- 20%
- forest and woodland:
- 1%
- other:
- 78%
- Irrigated land:
- NA sq km
- Environment:
- current issues:
- water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
- natural hazards:
- earthquakes and volcanic activity
- international agreements:
- party to - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea,
- Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
- Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Environmental Modification, Marine Life
- Conservation
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Geography
- Note:
- strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European
- country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 265,998 (July 1995 est.)
- note:
- population data estimates based on average growth rate may differ slightly
- from official population data because of volatile migration rates
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 24% (female 31,482; male 32,912)
- 15-64 years:
- 65% (female 84,559; male 87,089)
- 65 years and over:
- 11% (female 16,554; male 13,402) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 0.92% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 15.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 78.98 years
- male:
- 76.69 years
- female:
- 81.39 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 2.06 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Icelander(s)
- adjective:
- Icelandic
- Ethnic divisions:
- homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts
- Religions:
- Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1%
- (1988)
- Languages:
- Icelandic
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)
- total population:
- 100%
- Labor force:
- 127,900
- by occupation:
- commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, manufacturing 12.5%, fishing
- and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Iceland
- conventional short form:
- Iceland
- local long form:
- Lyoveldio Island
- local short form:
- Island
- Digraph:
- IC
- Type:
- republic
- Capital:
- Reykjavik
- Administrative divisions:
- 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns*
- (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla,
- Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla,
- Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla,
- Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,
- Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,
- Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,
- Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla,
- Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla,
- Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,
- Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
- Independence:
- 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
- National holiday:
- Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944)
- Constitution:
- 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
- Legal system:
- civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ
- jurisdiction
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980); election last held on
- 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996); results - there was no election
- in 1992 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposed
- head of government:
- Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)
- cabinet:
- Cabinet; appointed by the president
- Legislative branch:
- unicameral
- Parliament (Althing):
- elections last held on 8 April 1995 (next to be held by April 1999); results
- - Independence Party 37.1%, Progressive Party 23.3%, Social Democratic Party
- 11.4%, Socialists 14.3%, People's Movement 7.2%, Women's Party 4.9%; seats -
- (63 total) Independence 25, Progressive 15, Social Democratic 7, Socialists
- 9, People's Movement 4, Women's Party 3
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court (Haestirettur)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Government
- Political parties and leaders:
- Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, Halldor
- ASGRIMSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; People's
- Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's Party; People's
- Movement (moderate left); National Awakening, Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR
- Member of:
- Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
- ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
- INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, OSCE, PCA,
- UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNU, UPU, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Einar BENEDIKTSSON
- chancery:
- Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 265-6653 through 6655
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 265-6656
- consulate(s) general:
- New York
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Parker W. BORG
- embassy:
- Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavik
- mailing address:
- US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, Reykjavik; FPO AE 09728-0340
- telephone:
- [354] (1) 629100
- FAX:
- [354] (1) 629139
- Flag:
- blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the
- flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
- style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, but with an
- extensive welfare system, relatively low unemployment, and comparatively
- even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing
- industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of
- the work force. In the absence of other natural resources - except energy -
- Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. The economy,
- in recession since 1988, began to recover in 1993, posting 0.4% growth, but
- was still hampered by cutbacks in fish quotas as well as falling world
- prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and
- ferrosilicon. Real GDP grew by perhaps 2.4% in 1994. The center-right
- government plans to continue its policies of reducing the budget and current
- account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising
- agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and privatizing
- state-owned industries. The government, however, remains divided on the
- issue of EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about
- losing control over their fishing resources.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.5 billion (1994 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- 2.4% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $17,250 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 1.3% (1994 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
- 7% (1994 est.)
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $1.9 billion
- expenditures:
- $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 est.)
- Exports:
- $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
- commodities:
- fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, ferrosilicon, diatomite
- partners:
- EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992)
- Imports:
- $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
- commodities:
- machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs,
- textiles
- partners:
- EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% (1992)
- External debt:
- $2.5 billion (1993 est.)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.)
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 1,070,000 kW
- production:
- 4.7 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 16,458 kWh (1993)
- Industries:
- fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, geothermal
- power
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Economy
- Agriculture:
- accounts for about 15% of GDP; fishing is most important economic activity,
- contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal crops - potatoes,
- turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; fish catch of about 1.1 million metric
- tons in 1992
- Economic aid:
- recipient:
- US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million
- Currency:
- 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
- Exchange rates:
- Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 67.760 (January 1995), 69.944 (1994),
- 67.603 (1993), 57.546 (1992), 58.996 (1991), 58.284 (1990)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- 0 km
- Highways:
- total:
- 11,373 km
- paved:
- 2,513 km
- unpaved:
- gravel, earth 8,860 km (1992)
- Ports:
- Akureyri, Hornafjordur, Isafjordur, Keflavik, Raufarhofn, Reykjavik,
- Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vestmannaeyjar
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 30,025 GRT/40,410 DWT
- ships by type:
- cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, oil tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1,
- roll-on/roll-off cargo 2
- Airports:
- total:
- 90
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 1
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 3
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 6
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 53
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 4
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 23
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 140,000 telephones; adequate domestic service
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic cables and microwave
- radio relay links
- international:
- 2 earth stations carry all international traffic through an Atlantic Ocean
- INTELSAT satellite
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 5, FM 147 (transmitters and repeaters), shortwave 0
- radios:
- NA
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 202 (transmitters and repeaters)
- televisions:
- NA
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iceland
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; note - Iceland's defense is
- provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at
- Keflavik
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 70,743; males fit for military service 62,698 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- none
-